Present tense (abbreviated pres or prs) is a grammatical tense that locates a situation or event in present time.[1] In English, the present may be used to express action in the present, a current state of being, an occurrence in the future, or an action that started in the past and continues.
There are two common types of present tense in most Indo-European languages: the present indicative (i.e., the combination of present tense and indicative mood) and the present subjunctive (i.e., the combination of present tense and subjunctive mood).
Germanic languages
[edit] English
The English present tense can be combined with aspects in the following verbal constructions:
present simple or simple present, which is used in several ways:
to describe both habits and or routines (habitual aspect) (I eat breakfast every morning at 6:30. I go to work every day.), and general facts or the truth (The earth revolves around the sun.);
to present thoughts, feelings, and other unchanging states (stative aspect) (I think so. I like it. It is hot. The sun always shines in the desert.);
to indicate scheduled events in the near future (so that the simple “present” verb form actually indicates future tense) (I take the train tomorrow at 6:00.);
to indicate events at any time in the future in a dependent clause (I’ll retire when I reach age 65.);
to provide narratives such as instructional narratives (Now I mix the ingredients; now I put the pan in the oven.).
In the present simple, English uses the verb without an ending (I get the lunch ready at one o’clock, usually.) except that in the third person singular, (after he, she, it, your friend, etc.) the suffix -s or -es is appended to the verb (It gets busy on the weekends. Sarah catches the early train.).
The present simple tense is often used with adverbs of repeated time, as in these examples with the adverbs shown in italics:
I never come to school by cycle.
He always forgets to do his homework.
I never catch the late bus home.
emphatic present: The present tense can be expressed with emphasis by using the auxiliary verb do and the uninflected main verb, (I do walk., He does walk.).
present progressive or present continuous, which is used to describe events happening now, e.g., I am reading this wiki article, and I am thinking about editing it. This tense is formed by combining the present form of the verb “to be” with a present participle;
present perfect, which in English is a present tense with retrospective aspect (I have visited Paris several times. describes a present state of being based on past action; I have listened to you for five minutes now.);
present perfect progressive, which is used to describe events or actions that have begun at some point in the past and continue through the present, e.g., I have been reading this article for some time now.
[edit] Altaic languages
[edit] Turkish present indicative tense
In the Turkish language, the pronouns have their own ending according to vowel harmony. Present tense suffix is "r".
ending kal-mak sev-mek bul-mak gör-mek
ben ım/im/um/üm kalırım severim bulurum görürüm
sen sın/sin/sun/sün kalırsın seversin bulursun görürsün
o kalır sever bulur görür
biz ız/iz/uz/üz kalırız severiz buluruz görürüz
siz sınız/siniz/sunuz/sünüz kalırsınız seversiniz bulursunuz görürsünüz
onlar lar/ler kalırlar severler bulurlar görürler
[edit] Finno-Ugric languages
[edit] Finnish present indicative tense
See also: Finnish verb conjugation
In Finnish, the pronouns have their own ending in the verb. These verbs may be used by themselves, without the pronoun (except he/she=hän).
olla laskea antaa katsoa vapista
minä olen lasken annan katson vapisen
sinä olet lasket annat katsot vapiset
hän, se on laskee antaa katsoo vapisee
me olemme laskemme annamme katsomme vapisemme
te olette laskette annatte katsotte vapisette
he, ne ovat laskevat antavat katsovat vapisevat
[edit] Hellenic Languages
[edit] Modern Greek present indicative tense
In Modern Greek, the present tense is used similarly to the present tense in English, and they can also convey the present continuous. As with some other conjugations in Greek, some verbs in the present tense accept different (but equivalent) forms of use for the same person. What follows is an example of present tense conjugation in Greek for the verbs see (βλέπω), eat (τρώω) and love (αγαπώ).
βλέπω τρώω, τρώγω αγαπώ, αγαπάω
εγώ βλέπω τρώω, τρώγω αγαπώ, αγαπάω
εσύ βλέπεις τρως, τρώεις αγαπάς
αυτός/αυτή/αυτό βλέπει τρώει, τρώγει αγαπά(ει)
εμείς βλέπουμε τρώμε, τρώγομε, τρώγουμε αγαπάμε, αγαπούμε
εσείς βλέπετε τρώτε, τρώγετε αγαπάτε
αυτοί/αυτές/αυτά βλέπουν(ε) τρών(ε), τρώγουν(ε) αγαπούν(ε), αγαπάν(ε)
[edit] Romance languages
The Romance languages are derived from Latin, and in particular western Vulgar Latin. As a result, their usages and forms are similar.
[edit] Latin present indicative tense
In Latin, the present tense can be translated as being progressive or simple. Below is an example of present indicative tense conjugation in Latin.
plicāre debēre dicere cupere scīre
ego plicō debeō dīcō cupiō sciō
tu plicās debēs dīcis cupis scīs
is, ea, id plicat debet dicit cupit scit
nos plicāmus debēmus dīcimus cupimus scīmus
vos plicātis debētis dīcitis cupitis scītis
ei, eae, ea plicant debent dīcunt cupiunt sciunt
[edit] French present indicative tense
In French, the present tense is used similarly to that of English. Below is an example of present tense conjugation in French.
parler perdre finir partir
je parle perds finis pars
tu parles perds finis pars
il/elle/on parle perd finit part
nous parlons perdons finissons partons
vous parlez perdez finissez partez
ils/elles parlent perdent finissent partent
To express (and emphasise) the present continuous, expressions such as "en train de" or "en cours de" may be used. For example, Jean est en train de manger, may be translated as John is eating, John is in the middle of eating. On est en train de chercher un nouvel appartement may be translated as We are looking for a new apartment, we are in the process of finding a new apartment.
[edit] Italian present indicative tense
In Italian, the present tense is used similarly to that of English. What follows is an example of present indicative tense conjugation in Italian.
parlare vedere sentireasd
io parlo vedo sento
tu parli vedi senti
egli/ella parla vede sente
noi parliamo vediamo sentiamo
voi parlate vedete sentite
essi/esse parlano vedono sentono
[edit] Portuguese present indicative tense
In Portuguese, the present tense is used almost identically to that of Spanish. What follows is an example of present indicative tense conjugation in Portuguese.
falar comer insistir
eu falo como insisto
tu falas comes insistes
ele/ela fala come insiste
nós falamos comemos insistimos
vós faláis comeis insistis
eles/elas falam comem insistem
[edit] Spanish present indicative tense
In Spanish, the present tense is used similarly to that of English. What follows is an example of present tense conjugation in Spanish.
hablar comer insistir
yo hablo como insisto
tú hablas comes insistes
él / ella / usted habla come insiste
nosotros hablamos comemos insistimos
vosotros habláis coméis insistís
ellos / ellas / ustedes hablan comen insisten
It should be noted that vosotros and ustedes both signify the second-person plural pronoun. The main difference between the two is that vosotros is more common in Spain whereas only ustedes is used in Latin America.
[edit] Slavic languages
[edit] Bulgarian present indicative tense
In Bulgarian, the present indicative tense of imperfective verbs is used very similarly to that of English. It can also be used as present progressive. Below is an example of present indicative tense conjugation in Bulgarian.
писати* говорити* искати* отваряти*
аз пиша говоря искам отварям
ти пишеш говориш искаш отваряш
той, тя, то пише говори иска отваря
ние пишем говорим искаме отваряме
вие пишете говорите искате отваряте
те пишат говорят искат отварят
*Archaic, no infinitive in the modern language.
[edit] Macedonian present tense
The present tense of the Macedonian language is made of the imperfective verbs. The following table shows the conjugation of the verbs write (пишува/pišuva), speak (говори/govori), love (сака/saka) and open (отвора/otvora).
пишува говори сака отворa
јас пишувам говорам сакам отворам
ти пишуваш говориш сакаш отвораш
тој, таа, тоа пишува говори сака отвора
ние пишуваме говориме сакаме отвораме
вие пишувате говорите сакате отворате
тие пишуваат говорат сакаат отвораат
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tense
Friday, April 22, 2011
Sunday, February 20, 2011
English blog: History of England, history of britain
1066
December 25
William the Conqueror became King of England
Following the victory of Hastings, William the Conqueror came to power supreme in England by being crowned at Westminster Abbey. It introduces a move that will become an English monarchical tradition. However, the new Anglo-Norman kingdom still faces difficulties: the conquest of England was not completed until 1070. The situation of this kingdom is moreover very special king of England, William nonetheless a vassal of the King of France for the Norman territories. The latter, Philip I, becomes the most important opponent of William, especially as the Capetian resent the advent of the powerful Anglo-Norman kingdom.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the Duchy of Normandy - William the Conqueror - A History of Westminster - Philip I - History of the Middle Ages
1133
Birth of the University of Oxford
Expelled from Paris, the theologian Robert Pullen creates, along with some students, the University of Oxford, England. Not until the thirteenth century to see the university grow, both in religious and intellectual. The colleges that make up the gain in the future a great reputation. In 1209, some teachers and students will travel to Oxford and Cambridge will also founded a university. The two institutions will become the oldest and most prestigious British universities.
See also: History of England - File history teaching - History Institutions
1200
August 30
John Lackland removed and wife Isabella of Angouleme
Promise to Hugh X of Lusignan, Count de la Marche, the only daughter of the Count of Angouleme is carried to the altar 24 August 1200 by the King of England, John Lackland, who evaded his fiance and married Aug. 30 at Chinon. The young Isabella of Angouleme becomes Queen of England at the age of 14. On the death of King John in 1216, she married Hugh X of Lusignan, while their eldest son became king of England under the name of Henry III.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the Duchy of Normandy - History of Chinon - King John - History of the Middle Ages
1606
April 12
The United Kingdom adopts the "Union Jack"
King Jacques I, son of Mary Stuart, introduces "The Union Jack" as the official flag of the Kingdom of Scotland and England. It is composed of the cross of St. George, patron saint of England, and St. Andrew, patron of Scotland. The cross of St. Patrick will be added when Ireland will join the kingdom in 1800.
See also: History of England - Scotland - History of Northern Ireland - Flag - History of Wales - History of the Renaissance
1640
November 3
Charles I summons Parliament
To cope with the Scottish insurrection that erupted in 1639, Charles I was forced to convene a new parliament. Indeed, only the votes of the latter may assign new funds. Since 1629, the King of England had managed to circumvent the system through, inter alia, the effectiveness of his economic advisor, Strafford. It could well impose its authority. On 3 November, a new parliament meets and negotiates so therefore it can not be dissolved by the king. Cromwell was among the members of the Assembly, which ordered two of the main advisers of the king, Strafford and Laud, to terminate under the absolutist ruler. Because of its durability (until 1660), it gets the name "Long Parliament".
See also: History of England - Scotland - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - History of Politics
1641
December 1
The English Parliament passes the Grand Remonstrance against King
The Parliament vote on the Great Remonstrance against the king. This is a list of grievances and reforms allowing parliamentarians to monitor the executive. The event will indirectly result in triggering the civil war in England.
See also: History of England - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - History of Politics
1642
January 4
London revolted against Charles I.
While trying to arrest five leading members of the Assembly to put an end to the humiliating behavior of Parliament, King Charles I comes up against the Londoners, who refuse to hand them over. Indeed, the five members, including Pym and Hampden, had taken refuge in the city. Therefore, the sovereign is forced to flee to Oxford. This revolt against the royal power will lead to the first English Civil War.
See also: History of England - History of London - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - A History of War
1643
September 25
The Solemn League and Covenant
Full English Civil War, the Scottish and English Parliaments signed the Solemn League and Covenant (Solemn League and Covenant), and alliance against King Charles. Through this agreement, the Scots also protect their religious freedom, ensuring the maintenance of the Reformed Church in the country. The reform of the Church of England is also expected, as the maintenance of parliamentary rights and freedoms. In 1646, Charles I finally went to the Covenanters (Scottish National Covenant signatories). Because it will reject the Solemn League and Covenant, they deliver him to the English Parliament.
See also: History of England - Scotland - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - A History of War
1644
July 2
Charles I defeated at Marston Moor
While the English civil war in full swing, the Parliamentary troops led by Cromwell defeated the Royalist forces supporting Charles. The alliance between the Scots and the English Parliament is no stranger to this great victory, which allows members to retrieve the north of England.
See also: History of England - Cromwell - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - A History of War
1645
June 14
Parliament's victory at Naseby English
During the English civil war, played a decisive battle at Naseby. She opposes the parliamentary army, the New Model Army under the command of Fairfax and Cromwell, Royalist troops of Charles I, led by Prince Rupert. After the clashes, the army member who wins, forcing the king to flee to Scotland. But refusing the demands of the Scots, it will be delivered to the English Parliament in April 1646.
See also: History of England - Scotland - Cromwell - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History Wars
1647
December 26
Charles I allied with the Scots
Then he fled to England to escape the requirements of Parliament, King Charles I enters into a secret alliance with the Covenanters, Scottish Presbyterians. For their support, indeed it accepts the principles of the Covenant, which ensure them their religious freedom. The Scots, previously allied to the English Parliament, changed sides and sided with the king against Oliver Cromwell. But the English king to be arrested again and sentenced to death by the English Parliament, Rump Parliament said. The Scots then decide to recognize her son, Charles II as their sovereign.
See also: History of England - Scotland - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - A History of War
1649
January 30
Execution of Charles I
The king of England, Ireland and Scotland, accused of treason, was sentenced to death by the Rump Parliament. This ruling, largely influenced by Oliver Cromwell, follows a series of armed clashes between supporters and the royal parliamentary, or "Roundheads". Thanks to the army of Cromwell particularly well organized, they have won great victories against the king. Delivered by the Scots, the king could retain his liberty by calling the Long Parliament, but he refused categorically, remaining adamant on the principle of divine right. His death lead to the establishment of a republican government called the Commonwealth. His son, Charles II, will be recognized as sovereign by the Scots and in turn take up arms against Cromwell.
See also: History of England - Scotland - Folder history of the Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - Charles I of England - History of Politics
1649
September
Oliver Cromwell suppressed the Irish
After attending the sentencing to death of King Charles I of England, Oliver Cromwell undertook to put an end to the Irish uprising. Accompanied by his army of Ironsides, Cromwell hurried to Drogheda, a bastion of resistance, and massacred the inhabitants. After another attack in Wexford, Ireland submits it to the domination of the Commonwealth of Britain and distributes a large portion of land to the English Protestants and his army.
See also: History of England - History of Protestantism - Massacre - File History of the Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - History of Christianity
1650
September 3
Cromwell's victory at Dunbar
Cromwell and his New Model Army Parliamentary travel to Scotland to put an end to the insurgency. Indeed, the Scots have recognized their king in the person of Charles II and thus reject the Commonwealth of England. Perfectly equipped and trained troops of Cromwell rout the forces of King in Dunbar.
See also: History of England - Scotland - Folder history of the Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - Charles II - History of the Wars
1651
September 3
Defeat of Charles II at Worcester
Charles II, son of Charles I, executed under the influence of Oliver Cromwell, attempting to recover the British rule. Talented military Cromwell inflicts a crushing defeat at Worcester. Charles II would then be forced to flee to France.
See also: History of England - History Folder Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - Charles II - History of coups
1651
October 9
The Navigation Act is passed by the British
The British parliament passes legislation to weaken the sea near monopoly of the United Provinces. Now, the commercial traffic from the English colonies must be done only through British ships. As for foreign products, also impossible to import to England on ships other than British. While the country will enjoy a new boom in maritime trade, the United Provinces will experience a terrible decline. From 1652, a war breaks out between the two powers.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the United Provinces - Folder history of the Commonwealth of England - History of Trade
1653
Jan de Witt became head of the United Provinces
After the death of William II of Orange-Nassau, son of Frederick Henry of Nassau, the place remained vacant Stadtholder. It is within this context that Jan de Witt gets great features resident. They are to preside over the meeting of seven representatives of the provinces. However, during his years in power, Jan de Witt must face the conflict between the Provinces in England since 1652. The latter broke out following the enactment of the Navigation Act by England in 1651. When Louis XIV launch the War of Devolution, the United Provinces form a triple alliance with Britain and Sweden. But the king of France continue its struggle in 1672, triggering the war with Holland. The population then reverse Jan de Witt.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the United Provinces - Louis XIV - Jan de Witt - History of Politics
1653
April 20
Dissolution of the Rump Parliament
Given the impotence of the Rump Parliament to lead the Republic, Cromwell decides to dissolve it. It will replace in July by a new parliament, said "Parliament of Saints" or "Barebones Parliament", composed mainly of Puritans. But the situation will be much better because the new members would stand with the policy of Cromwell. The chief military dissolve so in December 1653.
See also: History of England - History Folder Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - History of the Long Parliament - History of Politics
1653
December 16
Cromwell became Lord Protector
In the "Instrument of Government," first written constitution of England, Oliver Cromwell agreed to take the power of the Commonwealth, a republic that civilians can not govern. Indeed, his many military victories and the influential role he played throughout the English Revolution made him the man of the situation, the only one able to take things in hand. He therefore obtained the title of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. Now Cromwell holds a near-absolute power and the Republic in place since the death of Charles I in 1649, is gradually transformed into a military dictatorship.
See also: History of England - History Folder Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - History of Politics
1654
April 5
End of the Anglo-Dutch
The Dutch sign treaty of Westminster, whereby they accept the Commonwealth of Britain and the Navigation Act (1651). Yet the latter, causing the commercial decline of the United Provinces, which had triggered the hostilities with England. The weariness and the formidable British fleet of Cromwell were right Dutch morale.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the United Provinces - Folder history of the Commonwealth of England - History Wars
1658
September 3
Death of Oliver Cromwell
After five years of dictatorship, Oliver Cromwell died, leaving to his successor, Richard, a fragile nation. Indeed, it will be forced to relinquish power in 1659, leaving England on the brink of military anarchy.
See also: History of England - History Folder Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - History of Death
1659
May 25
Richard Cromwell disclaims the title of lord protector
Appointed lord protector since January 1659, Richard Cromwell was unable to maintain the balance of the system established by his father. He abandons his duties, leaving England to sink into a quasi-military anarchy. Taking advantage of events, General Monck intervene by taking over London in February 1660. Responding to the desire of the population, it will organize the Restoration of the Stuarts, and especially the return of Charles II to the throne.
See also: History of England - History Folder Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - Charles II - History of Politics
1660
May 8
Charles II returned to London
After years of exile, Charles II was recalled to London by the Convention Parliament, an assembly royalist who succeeded the Rump Parliament. Son of Charles I, he had tried to end the civil war and to assert its legitimate authority in England. He was however unable to defeat the army of Oliver Cromwell and was forced to flee his country. After accepting the declaration of Breda ensuring religious freedom and a general amnesty is proclaimed King Charles II on May 29, reviving the Stuart dynasty, after an interregnum of more than ten years.
See also: History of England - History of London - Feature story of the Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - Charles II - History of the Renaissance
1688
November 5
William of Orange lands in England
William III of Orange, Stadtholder United Provinces, landed in England, with his armed troops. It responds to the call of Protestants and opponents of the reign of Jacques II, his stepfather. The latter had just given birth to a son, Edward Stuart, and everyone saw this event in the risk of a new Catholic dynasty. Bloodless, William III of Orange manages to escape her stepfather in France with his family. The latter, however, attempt to regain power at the Boyne in Ireland, but in vain.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the United Provinces - William III - Jacques II - History of coups
1689
February 13
William III of Orange was proclaimed King of England
William III of Orange and his wife, Mary, were proclaimed King and Queen of England. Despite his new role, retains its sovereign status Stadtholder United Provinces. Since 1685, William of Orange saw a dim view of the accession to the British throne of Jacques II, his father-Catholic. It also maintained relations with France, the main enemy of William of Orange. This situation had thus led to land on the territory at the request of the Protestants. After his accession to the throne, William will enter Britain and the United Provinces in the War of the League of Augsburg against Louis XIV.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the United Provinces - Louis XIV - William III - Jacques II - History of the Sacred
1705
Thomas Newcomen built a steam engine
The Englishman Thomas Newcomen develops, accompanied by the engineer Thomas Savery, the first steam engine used in industry. Some years earlier, Thomas Savery had already invented a steam engine, used in particular for pumping water. The combination of the two men "was to improve the device by an air motor system, or" heat pump ". Newcomen use it for the first time in 1712 in a mine to operate water pumps. Impractical and inefficient, it will be greatly improved by the engineer James Watt in the years to come.
See also: History of England - Feature story of the Industrial Revolution - Steam Engine - James Watt - Newcomen - Company History
1707
May 1
Scotland and England unite
An Act of Union proclaims the United Kingdom of England and Scotland. The previous century, Jacques VI of Scotland became King of England (Jacques I) and 2 countries have learned to live together. They now have a government and a common parliament, based in London. In 1999, the Blair government would ease the marriage by giving more autonomy to the Scots with a regional assembly.
See also: History of England - Scotland - History of the State
1767
First spinning machine designed by Hargreaves
The British weaver James Hargreaves invented his "spinning jenny" a spinner to get eight son together, and that through the action of one person. Hargreaves will file a patent in 1770 and the number of woven son will eventually increase. However, this system requires human intervention and will not be exploited by industry.
See also: History of England - Feature story of the Industrial Revolution - History of the Textile Industry - Labor History
1769
Richard Arkwright invented his loom mechanics
Richard Arkwright filed a patent for his "water-frame, a weaving machine based on that of Hargreaves but powered by a hydraulic motor. He signed the birth and the first mechanical weaving machine. It is also the end of weaving at home, since we now employ staff in the factory to run the machines. Arkwright also build himself a factory in the early 1770s.
See also: History of England - Feature story of the Industrial Revolution - History of Textiles - Hargreaves - Arkwright - Labor History
1779
Samuel Crompton perfects the weaving machine
Samuel Crompton draws on prior inventions of Hargreaves and Arkwright to develop his "mule-jenny. The mechanical loom can produce a quantity of considerable and son, for all types of son. It reverses the situation, however, because the weavers will fail to keep pace with production and quickly find themselves with a surplus of raw material.
See also: History of England - Feature story of the Industrial Revolution - History of Textiles - Hargreaves - Arkwright - Company History
1830
September 15
First regular train line
The line of railway from Liverpool to Manchester is open through the work of George Stephenson. The English engineer and managed to operate the rocket, the first locomotive to transport coal quickly as well as travelers. This is the starting point of the development of railways for passengers and, at the same time, tourism.
See also: History of England - History File summer vacation - History of Tourism - Liverpool - Manchester - History of Railways
1888
October 29
Internationalization of the Suez Canal
A treaty signed at Constantinople by several countries, including England, gives the Suez Canal international status. Thus, it can be used by all vessels without exception, whatever their nationality, and this, in peacetime as in wartime. England since 1875 holding a majority stake in the Canal Company, the convention will not always be respected in future years, especially during the two world wars.
See also: History of England - History of the Suez Canal - History of Colonization
1957
October 7
England Nuclear Leak
While a maintenance operation is underway on a reactor, a radioactive leak occurs in the central British Winscales. The authorities reacted swiftly to contain the pollution, but among the staff, 96 people suffered minor radiation. On the INES scale, measuring the severity of nuclear accidents, the incident reached, as at Three Mile Island, grade 5.
See also: File nuclear history - History of England - Leak - Nuclear - Pollution - Environmental History
1959
August 26
The Austin Mini is for sale
England gets a surprisingly tiny car: the Austin Mini, also known under the name Morris. The proud manufacturer of this little gem is the BMC British Motor Corporation. The objective of this revolutionary vehicle was to dedicate 80% of the total passenger volume. There were only 20% for mechanics. Bet into. The success of this car is immediate and resounding. Many models will be marketed worldwide. In 2001, BMW will launch the new Mini, which will attempt to bring up the lines of his ancestor.
See also: History of England - History of the Automobile
1973
April 14
A Five Nations Tournament with five winners ...
The tournament ends with the France-Ireland match, but the victory of the Irish will not give them the edge in the competition. Indeed, all teams have a combined total of four points, two wins apiece. Thus, it is the perfect equality ... The tournament ends without winners or losers.
See also: History of England - Scotland - History of the Five Nations Tournament - History of the Six Nations Championship - Wales History - History of Rugby
1986
January 20
Transmanche Link, prime contractor for the tunnel
Since 1984, the French and British governments have taken up the idea of building the Channel Tunnel. After launching a tender to private developers, they wear their choice on the Eurotunnel project, taking the principle of group studies the Channel Tunnel (GETM). He had advocated the construction of two tunnels for the railway and other central maintenance and security. This is the Transmanche Link (TML), which brings together five UK companies and five French companies responsible for work that is.
See also: History of England - File history Channel Tunnel - Manche - Eurotunnel - History Great work
1987
June 20
The All Blacks took over the first World Cup
The first Rugby World Cup ends logically with the victory of the co-hosts, New Zealand, against France with a score of 29-9. The latter, who had created a stir by beating Australia in the semifinals, could do nothing against the power of the All Blacks. The tournament is also characterized by the premature elimination of the England team for Wales in the quarterfinals.
See also: History of England - World Cup Rugby - All Blacks - Wales History - History of Rugby
1991
October 19
Blanco misses his farewell with the Blues
It was after a poor showing of his team in a tournament that does not seem to keep his promises, that Serge Blanco bows out. Over a quarter-final marked by the British provocations and violent responses of French, they bend on their own ground, the Parc des Princes. The World Cup will be won by Australia against England in London.
See also: History of England - Rugby World Cup - History of Rugby
2003
November 22
The World Cup finally in the northern hemisphere
At the end of extra time, England is a victory but also a revenge by beating the Wallabies on their home turf in Sydney in the final of the World Cup. Indeed, it is an exact reversal of the players from the 1991 edition. England had also been hard fall of France in the semi-final, France yet seen a year earlier as the best team in the world.
See also: Victory - History of England - Rugby World Cup - Wallabies - History of Rugby
2004
March 27
Symbolic victory for France against England
After the humiliation suffered in the semifinals of the World Cup against "the enemy" France has much to wash away this insult. For this, she received the Rose team at the Stade de France and a victory would mean for both revenge and Grand Slam. Blues dominate the first half, then they may contain as a team unwilling to let himself do so. They eventually prevail 24-21.
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December 25
William the Conqueror became King of England
Following the victory of Hastings, William the Conqueror came to power supreme in England by being crowned at Westminster Abbey. It introduces a move that will become an English monarchical tradition. However, the new Anglo-Norman kingdom still faces difficulties: the conquest of England was not completed until 1070. The situation of this kingdom is moreover very special king of England, William nonetheless a vassal of the King of France for the Norman territories. The latter, Philip I, becomes the most important opponent of William, especially as the Capetian resent the advent of the powerful Anglo-Norman kingdom.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the Duchy of Normandy - William the Conqueror - A History of Westminster - Philip I - History of the Middle Ages
1133
Birth of the University of Oxford
Expelled from Paris, the theologian Robert Pullen creates, along with some students, the University of Oxford, England. Not until the thirteenth century to see the university grow, both in religious and intellectual. The colleges that make up the gain in the future a great reputation. In 1209, some teachers and students will travel to Oxford and Cambridge will also founded a university. The two institutions will become the oldest and most prestigious British universities.
See also: History of England - File history teaching - History Institutions
1200
August 30
John Lackland removed and wife Isabella of Angouleme
Promise to Hugh X of Lusignan, Count de la Marche, the only daughter of the Count of Angouleme is carried to the altar 24 August 1200 by the King of England, John Lackland, who evaded his fiance and married Aug. 30 at Chinon. The young Isabella of Angouleme becomes Queen of England at the age of 14. On the death of King John in 1216, she married Hugh X of Lusignan, while their eldest son became king of England under the name of Henry III.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the Duchy of Normandy - History of Chinon - King John - History of the Middle Ages
1606
April 12
The United Kingdom adopts the "Union Jack"
King Jacques I, son of Mary Stuart, introduces "The Union Jack" as the official flag of the Kingdom of Scotland and England. It is composed of the cross of St. George, patron saint of England, and St. Andrew, patron of Scotland. The cross of St. Patrick will be added when Ireland will join the kingdom in 1800.
See also: History of England - Scotland - History of Northern Ireland - Flag - History of Wales - History of the Renaissance
1640
November 3
Charles I summons Parliament
To cope with the Scottish insurrection that erupted in 1639, Charles I was forced to convene a new parliament. Indeed, only the votes of the latter may assign new funds. Since 1629, the King of England had managed to circumvent the system through, inter alia, the effectiveness of his economic advisor, Strafford. It could well impose its authority. On 3 November, a new parliament meets and negotiates so therefore it can not be dissolved by the king. Cromwell was among the members of the Assembly, which ordered two of the main advisers of the king, Strafford and Laud, to terminate under the absolutist ruler. Because of its durability (until 1660), it gets the name "Long Parliament".
See also: History of England - Scotland - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - History of Politics
1641
December 1
The English Parliament passes the Grand Remonstrance against King
The Parliament vote on the Great Remonstrance against the king. This is a list of grievances and reforms allowing parliamentarians to monitor the executive. The event will indirectly result in triggering the civil war in England.
See also: History of England - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - History of Politics
1642
January 4
London revolted against Charles I.
While trying to arrest five leading members of the Assembly to put an end to the humiliating behavior of Parliament, King Charles I comes up against the Londoners, who refuse to hand them over. Indeed, the five members, including Pym and Hampden, had taken refuge in the city. Therefore, the sovereign is forced to flee to Oxford. This revolt against the royal power will lead to the first English Civil War.
See also: History of England - History of London - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - A History of War
1643
September 25
The Solemn League and Covenant
Full English Civil War, the Scottish and English Parliaments signed the Solemn League and Covenant (Solemn League and Covenant), and alliance against King Charles. Through this agreement, the Scots also protect their religious freedom, ensuring the maintenance of the Reformed Church in the country. The reform of the Church of England is also expected, as the maintenance of parliamentary rights and freedoms. In 1646, Charles I finally went to the Covenanters (Scottish National Covenant signatories). Because it will reject the Solemn League and Covenant, they deliver him to the English Parliament.
See also: History of England - Scotland - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - A History of War
1644
July 2
Charles I defeated at Marston Moor
While the English civil war in full swing, the Parliamentary troops led by Cromwell defeated the Royalist forces supporting Charles. The alliance between the Scots and the English Parliament is no stranger to this great victory, which allows members to retrieve the north of England.
See also: History of England - Cromwell - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - A History of War
1645
June 14
Parliament's victory at Naseby English
During the English civil war, played a decisive battle at Naseby. She opposes the parliamentary army, the New Model Army under the command of Fairfax and Cromwell, Royalist troops of Charles I, led by Prince Rupert. After the clashes, the army member who wins, forcing the king to flee to Scotland. But refusing the demands of the Scots, it will be delivered to the English Parliament in April 1646.
See also: History of England - Scotland - Cromwell - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History Wars
1647
December 26
Charles I allied with the Scots
Then he fled to England to escape the requirements of Parliament, King Charles I enters into a secret alliance with the Covenanters, Scottish Presbyterians. For their support, indeed it accepts the principles of the Covenant, which ensure them their religious freedom. The Scots, previously allied to the English Parliament, changed sides and sided with the king against Oliver Cromwell. But the English king to be arrested again and sentenced to death by the English Parliament, Rump Parliament said. The Scots then decide to recognize her son, Charles II as their sovereign.
See also: History of England - Scotland - Charles I of England - History of the Long Parliament - History of the English Civil War - A History of War
1649
January 30
Execution of Charles I
The king of England, Ireland and Scotland, accused of treason, was sentenced to death by the Rump Parliament. This ruling, largely influenced by Oliver Cromwell, follows a series of armed clashes between supporters and the royal parliamentary, or "Roundheads". Thanks to the army of Cromwell particularly well organized, they have won great victories against the king. Delivered by the Scots, the king could retain his liberty by calling the Long Parliament, but he refused categorically, remaining adamant on the principle of divine right. His death lead to the establishment of a republican government called the Commonwealth. His son, Charles II, will be recognized as sovereign by the Scots and in turn take up arms against Cromwell.
See also: History of England - Scotland - Folder history of the Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - Charles I of England - History of Politics
1649
September
Oliver Cromwell suppressed the Irish
After attending the sentencing to death of King Charles I of England, Oliver Cromwell undertook to put an end to the Irish uprising. Accompanied by his army of Ironsides, Cromwell hurried to Drogheda, a bastion of resistance, and massacred the inhabitants. After another attack in Wexford, Ireland submits it to the domination of the Commonwealth of Britain and distributes a large portion of land to the English Protestants and his army.
See also: History of England - History of Protestantism - Massacre - File History of the Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - History of Christianity
1650
September 3
Cromwell's victory at Dunbar
Cromwell and his New Model Army Parliamentary travel to Scotland to put an end to the insurgency. Indeed, the Scots have recognized their king in the person of Charles II and thus reject the Commonwealth of England. Perfectly equipped and trained troops of Cromwell rout the forces of King in Dunbar.
See also: History of England - Scotland - Folder history of the Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - Charles II - History of the Wars
1651
September 3
Defeat of Charles II at Worcester
Charles II, son of Charles I, executed under the influence of Oliver Cromwell, attempting to recover the British rule. Talented military Cromwell inflicts a crushing defeat at Worcester. Charles II would then be forced to flee to France.
See also: History of England - History Folder Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - Charles II - History of coups
1651
October 9
The Navigation Act is passed by the British
The British parliament passes legislation to weaken the sea near monopoly of the United Provinces. Now, the commercial traffic from the English colonies must be done only through British ships. As for foreign products, also impossible to import to England on ships other than British. While the country will enjoy a new boom in maritime trade, the United Provinces will experience a terrible decline. From 1652, a war breaks out between the two powers.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the United Provinces - Folder history of the Commonwealth of England - History of Trade
1653
Jan de Witt became head of the United Provinces
After the death of William II of Orange-Nassau, son of Frederick Henry of Nassau, the place remained vacant Stadtholder. It is within this context that Jan de Witt gets great features resident. They are to preside over the meeting of seven representatives of the provinces. However, during his years in power, Jan de Witt must face the conflict between the Provinces in England since 1652. The latter broke out following the enactment of the Navigation Act by England in 1651. When Louis XIV launch the War of Devolution, the United Provinces form a triple alliance with Britain and Sweden. But the king of France continue its struggle in 1672, triggering the war with Holland. The population then reverse Jan de Witt.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the United Provinces - Louis XIV - Jan de Witt - History of Politics
1653
April 20
Dissolution of the Rump Parliament
Given the impotence of the Rump Parliament to lead the Republic, Cromwell decides to dissolve it. It will replace in July by a new parliament, said "Parliament of Saints" or "Barebones Parliament", composed mainly of Puritans. But the situation will be much better because the new members would stand with the policy of Cromwell. The chief military dissolve so in December 1653.
See also: History of England - History Folder Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - History of the Long Parliament - History of Politics
1653
December 16
Cromwell became Lord Protector
In the "Instrument of Government," first written constitution of England, Oliver Cromwell agreed to take the power of the Commonwealth, a republic that civilians can not govern. Indeed, his many military victories and the influential role he played throughout the English Revolution made him the man of the situation, the only one able to take things in hand. He therefore obtained the title of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. Now Cromwell holds a near-absolute power and the Republic in place since the death of Charles I in 1649, is gradually transformed into a military dictatorship.
See also: History of England - History Folder Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - History of Politics
1654
April 5
End of the Anglo-Dutch
The Dutch sign treaty of Westminster, whereby they accept the Commonwealth of Britain and the Navigation Act (1651). Yet the latter, causing the commercial decline of the United Provinces, which had triggered the hostilities with England. The weariness and the formidable British fleet of Cromwell were right Dutch morale.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the United Provinces - Folder history of the Commonwealth of England - History Wars
1658
September 3
Death of Oliver Cromwell
After five years of dictatorship, Oliver Cromwell died, leaving to his successor, Richard, a fragile nation. Indeed, it will be forced to relinquish power in 1659, leaving England on the brink of military anarchy.
See also: History of England - History Folder Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - History of Death
1659
May 25
Richard Cromwell disclaims the title of lord protector
Appointed lord protector since January 1659, Richard Cromwell was unable to maintain the balance of the system established by his father. He abandons his duties, leaving England to sink into a quasi-military anarchy. Taking advantage of events, General Monck intervene by taking over London in February 1660. Responding to the desire of the population, it will organize the Restoration of the Stuarts, and especially the return of Charles II to the throne.
See also: History of England - History Folder Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - Charles II - History of Politics
1660
May 8
Charles II returned to London
After years of exile, Charles II was recalled to London by the Convention Parliament, an assembly royalist who succeeded the Rump Parliament. Son of Charles I, he had tried to end the civil war and to assert its legitimate authority in England. He was however unable to defeat the army of Oliver Cromwell and was forced to flee his country. After accepting the declaration of Breda ensuring religious freedom and a general amnesty is proclaimed King Charles II on May 29, reviving the Stuart dynasty, after an interregnum of more than ten years.
See also: History of England - History of London - Feature story of the Commonwealth of England - Cromwell - Charles II - History of the Renaissance
1688
November 5
William of Orange lands in England
William III of Orange, Stadtholder United Provinces, landed in England, with his armed troops. It responds to the call of Protestants and opponents of the reign of Jacques II, his stepfather. The latter had just given birth to a son, Edward Stuart, and everyone saw this event in the risk of a new Catholic dynasty. Bloodless, William III of Orange manages to escape her stepfather in France with his family. The latter, however, attempt to regain power at the Boyne in Ireland, but in vain.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the United Provinces - William III - Jacques II - History of coups
1689
February 13
William III of Orange was proclaimed King of England
William III of Orange and his wife, Mary, were proclaimed King and Queen of England. Despite his new role, retains its sovereign status Stadtholder United Provinces. Since 1685, William of Orange saw a dim view of the accession to the British throne of Jacques II, his father-Catholic. It also maintained relations with France, the main enemy of William of Orange. This situation had thus led to land on the territory at the request of the Protestants. After his accession to the throne, William will enter Britain and the United Provinces in the War of the League of Augsburg against Louis XIV.
See also: History of England - Folder history of the United Provinces - Louis XIV - William III - Jacques II - History of the Sacred
1705
Thomas Newcomen built a steam engine
The Englishman Thomas Newcomen develops, accompanied by the engineer Thomas Savery, the first steam engine used in industry. Some years earlier, Thomas Savery had already invented a steam engine, used in particular for pumping water. The combination of the two men "was to improve the device by an air motor system, or" heat pump ". Newcomen use it for the first time in 1712 in a mine to operate water pumps. Impractical and inefficient, it will be greatly improved by the engineer James Watt in the years to come.
See also: History of England - Feature story of the Industrial Revolution - Steam Engine - James Watt - Newcomen - Company History
1707
May 1
Scotland and England unite
An Act of Union proclaims the United Kingdom of England and Scotland. The previous century, Jacques VI of Scotland became King of England (Jacques I) and 2 countries have learned to live together. They now have a government and a common parliament, based in London. In 1999, the Blair government would ease the marriage by giving more autonomy to the Scots with a regional assembly.
See also: History of England - Scotland - History of the State
1767
First spinning machine designed by Hargreaves
The British weaver James Hargreaves invented his "spinning jenny" a spinner to get eight son together, and that through the action of one person. Hargreaves will file a patent in 1770 and the number of woven son will eventually increase. However, this system requires human intervention and will not be exploited by industry.
See also: History of England - Feature story of the Industrial Revolution - History of the Textile Industry - Labor History
1769
Richard Arkwright invented his loom mechanics
Richard Arkwright filed a patent for his "water-frame, a weaving machine based on that of Hargreaves but powered by a hydraulic motor. He signed the birth and the first mechanical weaving machine. It is also the end of weaving at home, since we now employ staff in the factory to run the machines. Arkwright also build himself a factory in the early 1770s.
See also: History of England - Feature story of the Industrial Revolution - History of Textiles - Hargreaves - Arkwright - Labor History
1779
Samuel Crompton perfects the weaving machine
Samuel Crompton draws on prior inventions of Hargreaves and Arkwright to develop his "mule-jenny. The mechanical loom can produce a quantity of considerable and son, for all types of son. It reverses the situation, however, because the weavers will fail to keep pace with production and quickly find themselves with a surplus of raw material.
See also: History of England - Feature story of the Industrial Revolution - History of Textiles - Hargreaves - Arkwright - Company History
1830
September 15
First regular train line
The line of railway from Liverpool to Manchester is open through the work of George Stephenson. The English engineer and managed to operate the rocket, the first locomotive to transport coal quickly as well as travelers. This is the starting point of the development of railways for passengers and, at the same time, tourism.
See also: History of England - History File summer vacation - History of Tourism - Liverpool - Manchester - History of Railways
1888
October 29
Internationalization of the Suez Canal
A treaty signed at Constantinople by several countries, including England, gives the Suez Canal international status. Thus, it can be used by all vessels without exception, whatever their nationality, and this, in peacetime as in wartime. England since 1875 holding a majority stake in the Canal Company, the convention will not always be respected in future years, especially during the two world wars.
See also: History of England - History of the Suez Canal - History of Colonization
1957
October 7
England Nuclear Leak
While a maintenance operation is underway on a reactor, a radioactive leak occurs in the central British Winscales. The authorities reacted swiftly to contain the pollution, but among the staff, 96 people suffered minor radiation. On the INES scale, measuring the severity of nuclear accidents, the incident reached, as at Three Mile Island, grade 5.
See also: File nuclear history - History of England - Leak - Nuclear - Pollution - Environmental History
1959
August 26
The Austin Mini is for sale
England gets a surprisingly tiny car: the Austin Mini, also known under the name Morris. The proud manufacturer of this little gem is the BMC British Motor Corporation. The objective of this revolutionary vehicle was to dedicate 80% of the total passenger volume. There were only 20% for mechanics. Bet into. The success of this car is immediate and resounding. Many models will be marketed worldwide. In 2001, BMW will launch the new Mini, which will attempt to bring up the lines of his ancestor.
See also: History of England - History of the Automobile
1973
April 14
A Five Nations Tournament with five winners ...
The tournament ends with the France-Ireland match, but the victory of the Irish will not give them the edge in the competition. Indeed, all teams have a combined total of four points, two wins apiece. Thus, it is the perfect equality ... The tournament ends without winners or losers.
See also: History of England - Scotland - History of the Five Nations Tournament - History of the Six Nations Championship - Wales History - History of Rugby
1986
January 20
Transmanche Link, prime contractor for the tunnel
Since 1984, the French and British governments have taken up the idea of building the Channel Tunnel. After launching a tender to private developers, they wear their choice on the Eurotunnel project, taking the principle of group studies the Channel Tunnel (GETM). He had advocated the construction of two tunnels for the railway and other central maintenance and security. This is the Transmanche Link (TML), which brings together five UK companies and five French companies responsible for work that is.
See also: History of England - File history Channel Tunnel - Manche - Eurotunnel - History Great work
1987
June 20
The All Blacks took over the first World Cup
The first Rugby World Cup ends logically with the victory of the co-hosts, New Zealand, against France with a score of 29-9. The latter, who had created a stir by beating Australia in the semifinals, could do nothing against the power of the All Blacks. The tournament is also characterized by the premature elimination of the England team for Wales in the quarterfinals.
See also: History of England - World Cup Rugby - All Blacks - Wales History - History of Rugby
1991
October 19
Blanco misses his farewell with the Blues
It was after a poor showing of his team in a tournament that does not seem to keep his promises, that Serge Blanco bows out. Over a quarter-final marked by the British provocations and violent responses of French, they bend on their own ground, the Parc des Princes. The World Cup will be won by Australia against England in London.
See also: History of England - Rugby World Cup - History of Rugby
2003
November 22
The World Cup finally in the northern hemisphere
At the end of extra time, England is a victory but also a revenge by beating the Wallabies on their home turf in Sydney in the final of the World Cup. Indeed, it is an exact reversal of the players from the 1991 edition. England had also been hard fall of France in the semi-final, France yet seen a year earlier as the best team in the world.
See also: Victory - History of England - Rugby World Cup - Wallabies - History of Rugby
2004
March 27
Symbolic victory for France against England
After the humiliation suffered in the semifinals of the World Cup against "the enemy" France has much to wash away this insult. For this, she received the Rose team at the Stade de France and a victory would mean for both revenge and Grand Slam. Blues dominate the first half, then they may contain as a team unwilling to let himself do so. They eventually prevail 24-21.
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Thursday, February 10, 2011
Coffee English
Founded in 1822, the Cafe Anglais, at the corner of Boulevard des Italiens and the Rue Marivaux, near the Opera Comique, became at the end of the Second Empire, the most snobbish of all coffee and the latest trend in throughout Europe.
While its facade is particularly austere, the interior is particularly cozy woodwork of mahogany and walnut, patina shiny mirrors gold leaf ...
Its private rooms are home to a wealthy clientele accompanied by "casserole". In all, there are 22 private rooms and lounges including the Grand scroll 16 which saw the most Parisian and foreign dignitaries.
Admittedly, the "Café Anglais" is fashionable but there short to sample the cuisine of one of the most famous chefs in Paris, Adolphe Dugléré.
He is described as a taciturn and stern leader who requires high quality raw materials and has the greatest contempt for the drunks, as well as for tobacco smokers.
He is Germiny soup, soup doubling capitalist since, sorrel, and dedicated to Count Germiny, Governor of the Bank of France. And that's one of those famous courtesans of the Second Empire, Anna Deslions, Dugléré that will create the "Pommes Anna."
Adolphe Dugléré, train Andre Terrail future boss of the Tour d'Argent. It was he who composed the famous dinner menu says "Three Emperors" who met the Tsar Alexander II, Tsarevich Alexander, King of Prussia William I and Bismarck. We are in 1867 at the Exposition Universelle in Paris.
In short, a cafe that had the name of coffee ...
The restaurant disappeared shortly before the First World War.
According to artistic and literary cafes of Paris, published in 1882, it says they met at the Cafe Anglais for "banquet, lunches fine delicate dinners, suppers or sparkling champagne." The author rightly points out that if since the Restoration, "many political regimes have followed, generations have been replaced by others, the Cafe Anglais was maintained through the crises and changes" among those contributed to the reputation of the Cafe Anglais, are: Alfred de Musset, Barbey d'Aurevilly, Alexandre Dumas, Roger de Beauvoir. "The Comte de Saint-Cricq it comes to fantasies, in the parlance of the year of grace 1881 be called jokes of humbug."
The author adds: "The Duc de Grammont-Caderousse was a faithful coffee and he led a band of revelers and girls fashion. Roger de Beauvoir in the diners of my time and Fervaques - Léon Duchemin in the Memoirs a pickled, wrote the history of the Cafe Anglais. Both diners were killed one after long suffering, the other suddenly, without pain. "
Many writers made use of the decor of the Cafe Anglais for its intrigues. Balzac and led to the Cafe Anglais and Mrs. Rastignac Nucingen and Lucien Rubempre. Flaubert, Sentimental Education in the lunch there is Frederic Moreau, Henry James there is a few scenes in "The American."
While its facade is particularly austere, the interior is particularly cozy woodwork of mahogany and walnut, patina shiny mirrors gold leaf ...
Its private rooms are home to a wealthy clientele accompanied by "casserole". In all, there are 22 private rooms and lounges including the Grand scroll 16 which saw the most Parisian and foreign dignitaries.
Admittedly, the "Café Anglais" is fashionable but there short to sample the cuisine of one of the most famous chefs in Paris, Adolphe Dugléré.
He is described as a taciturn and stern leader who requires high quality raw materials and has the greatest contempt for the drunks, as well as for tobacco smokers.
He is Germiny soup, soup doubling capitalist since, sorrel, and dedicated to Count Germiny, Governor of the Bank of France. And that's one of those famous courtesans of the Second Empire, Anna Deslions, Dugléré that will create the "Pommes Anna."
Adolphe Dugléré, train Andre Terrail future boss of the Tour d'Argent. It was he who composed the famous dinner menu says "Three Emperors" who met the Tsar Alexander II, Tsarevich Alexander, King of Prussia William I and Bismarck. We are in 1867 at the Exposition Universelle in Paris.
In short, a cafe that had the name of coffee ...
The restaurant disappeared shortly before the First World War.
According to artistic and literary cafes of Paris, published in 1882, it says they met at the Cafe Anglais for "banquet, lunches fine delicate dinners, suppers or sparkling champagne." The author rightly points out that if since the Restoration, "many political regimes have followed, generations have been replaced by others, the Cafe Anglais was maintained through the crises and changes" among those contributed to the reputation of the Cafe Anglais, are: Alfred de Musset, Barbey d'Aurevilly, Alexandre Dumas, Roger de Beauvoir. "The Comte de Saint-Cricq it comes to fantasies, in the parlance of the year of grace 1881 be called jokes of humbug."
The author adds: "The Duc de Grammont-Caderousse was a faithful coffee and he led a band of revelers and girls fashion. Roger de Beauvoir in the diners of my time and Fervaques - Léon Duchemin in the Memoirs a pickled, wrote the history of the Cafe Anglais. Both diners were killed one after long suffering, the other suddenly, without pain. "
Many writers made use of the decor of the Cafe Anglais for its intrigues. Balzac and led to the Cafe Anglais and Mrs. Rastignac Nucingen and Lucien Rubempre. Flaubert, Sentimental Education in the lunch there is Frederic Moreau, Henry James there is a few scenes in "The American."
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